Purpose: To examine the availability of the Korean Version of Sport Motivation Scale(SMS-K), the study tried to find out whether this scale can be used to measure the sport motivation of athletes, ordinary participants, males and females; whether this scale can be used to compare motivation of two groups with different activity level and gender. In addition, the motivations measured through SMS-K are divided into three levels: amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation. In addition, extrinsic motivation can be subdivided into four factors (external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, itegrated regulation), And to verify the hierarchical model of external motivation. Methods: 199 university athletes and 175 university students participating in competitive sports participated in this study. Analysis method used measurement invariance analysis, latent mean analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA). Results: First, SMS-K is verified to be used for groups with different activity level(athletes, ordinary participants) and gender(males, females) in the same way. Second, there was a significant difference in motivation depending on the activity level and gender. Lastly, external regulations, introjected regulations, identified regulations and integrated regulations were included in the superordinate factor, extrinsic motivation. Conclusion: The validity of SMS-K was strongly verified. Also proven that extrinsic motivation was hierarchical model.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social and physical environment variables affect the exercise self-schema from the social ecological perspective and to provide basic data for establishing the intervention strategy of physical activity promotion. Methods: A total of 238 of 50s male participated in the Sports Event in Gyeonggi-do were used in the final analysis. Exercise self-schema, social environment, physical environment, exercise intention questionnaires were used. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation model analysis were conducted to derive the study results. Results: First, both the social environment and the physical environment have a positive effect on the exercise self-schema. Second, exercise self-schema and physical environment have a positive effect on exercise intention. However, the social environment did not directly affect the intention to exercise. Conclusion: Based on the results that social and physical environment have a positive effect on the exercise self-schema, environmental factors were found to be helpful for the exercise behavior. In addition, many further studies on the development of the physical activity promotion program are needed.

Purpose: Team cohesion and team work are the usual components for explanation of team performance in Korean sport psychological field which is somewhat limited. So for the purpose of systematic and effective explanation of performance, this study was aimed to Development and Validation of Sport Team Interaction Scale. Methods: The 635 subjects of this study were selected from middle school and high school team sports players (soccer, basketball, volleyball) specifically 238 for exploratory factor analysis, 352 for confirmatory factor analysis and validity verification. Data was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Base on the exploratory factor analysis, sport team interaction scale was developed multidimensionally with 5 factors and 25 questions. The measuring model of sport team interaction scale showed structural appropriation by validation. Furthermore result of construct validity, cross validity, convergent validity satisfied the threshold. the findings from this research may shed light on the scientific and objective knowledge in performance improvement of team sports.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare parents` stress levels according to their exercise practices, and, particularly, to explore exercise constraints for mothers of young children. Methods: Participants included 275 mothers with children aged 0 to 6 years. They completed a questionnaire to assess the stage of exercise behavior, a Korean parenting stress index-short form (K-PSI-SF), and an open-ended question regarding exercise constraint factors. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, an independent t-test, and inductive content analysis. Result: First, there were significant differences in the stress levels of parents between the exercise and non-exercise groups in parental distress and total parenting stress (p< 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the exercise and non-exercise groups in parent-child dysfunctional interactions and difficult child factors (p >0.05). Second, exercise constraint factors from inductive reasoning produced three categories: environmental, interpersonal, and personal matters. Matters of environment involve time, economy, and program/information constraints. Interpersonal matters include child-care and significant other constraints. Personal matters pertain to physical and psychological issues. Conclusion: The research findings confirmed that exercise behavior partially affects the stress levels of mothers with young children and exploring exercise constraint factors of mothers with young children. This suggests that future studies should focus on building exercise counseling programs to promote regular exercise among mothers with young children.

Purpose: The aim of the research was to investigate factors influencing physical inactivity behaviors and to identify strategies that can stimulate physical activity among children and adolescents from low income family. Methods: To obtain information regarding the barriers to the physical activity and give suggestions to emerged themes, modified ground theory was utilized. Semi-structured individual interview, focus group interview and field-note were employed to collect data from 58 children and adolescents. The transcripts were categorized using constant comparison method. The categories were examined for interrelationships among the categories and organized into three themes, which were examined for interrelationships to develop the conceptual framework for the data. The researchers and three research assistants reviewed, discussed, and formulated the emerging conceptual framework through a series of meetings. Review of literature and feedback from two experts were incorporated to enhance external validity of the research. Results: Results of the study were presented according to the three emerging themes: predisposing factors, motivators, and suggestions. Predisposing factors contained personal and external barriers to physical activity. Motivators included the factors that can activate personal desire to participate in physical activity. Suggestions were the ideas that participants identified to enhance physical activity. Conclusion: The research emphasized the necessity of comprehensive approach for physical activity interventions. Suggestions for physical activity were enabling factors in adopting healthier lifestyle and increased physical activity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the differences among perceived coaching behavior, athletic satisfaction and burn out by gender, levels and careers and to identify relationship among psychological variable of athletes. Methods: Five hundred seventy questionnaires were initially distributed to student sports players and athletes. Among them, total 540 were finally used in this study(male: 325, female: 215, Mage= 17.07years). Leadership scale for sport, satisfaction in athletic and athlete burn out questionnaire were revised into Korean and applied in the study. Frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were carried out by SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. Results: Results indicated that there ware significant differences in perceived coaching behavior, athletic satisfaction and burn out by gender, levels and careers. And results indicated that there were relationship among perceived coaching behavior, athletic satisfaction and burn out of athletes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it made a unique contribution to the existing knowledge about athletes` perceived coaching behavior, athletic satisfaction and burn out.

Purpose: The aims of this study were: 1) to review the literature dealing with the effects of PST influencing on sports performance published in KJSP during the past 25 years(1990-2014), 2) to infer the implications from the results, and 3) to provide meaningful information for future studies. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the previous studies dealing with the effects of PST published in KJSP(1990-2014). Specifically, such parameters as PST effects, sports used PST, subjects, session characteristics, study design, and implications were holistically analyzed. Results: In general, PST effects on sports performance were found. Conclusions: Although the PST effect was positive in most studies, more future studies covering more sports and diverse players are necessary in order for the PST to get general effect.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the result of analogy learning, one way of implicit learning, to that of explicit learning when applying the table tennis backhand stroke. This study was to find out effective and efficient learning methods that enable learners to acquire and use the exercise skills easily in school physical education and sports instruction field. Methods: The subjects of the study were 30 students in first grade who tested out and randomly assigned groups of 10 analogy group(AG), explicit group(EG), and control group(CG) for the table tennis team of Busan G middle school sports club in 2016. The research project was to return the ball from the table tennis machine to the target with the table tennis backhand stroke. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA to verify homogeneity and repeated measures ANOVA was performed to see differences in learning effects between the groups and division. Results: First, in acquisition phase(AP), there was a difference between absolute errors(AE) in the groups. Second, in retention phase(RP), immediate retention phase(IRP) and delayed retention phase(DRP) were measured, absolute difference, variable error(VE), radial error(RE), and directional error(DE) were significant differences in the groups. Variable error had major effect on division. Conclusion: It can be seen analogy learning, which is one of tacit learning, is effective for the table tennis backhand stroke. When learners are learning motor skills in school physical education and sports instruction field, efficient and effective analogy learning can be used as an alternative to explicit learning methods.